Sikhism, a vibrant and inclusive faith, finds its roots in the teachings of ten enlightened spiritual leaders known as Gurus. Each Guru contributed uniquely to the development and dissemination of Sikh principles, shaping the identity and beliefs of the Sikh community.

1.1 Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469-1538)

Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the revered founder of Sikhism, was born in a village near Lahore (present-day Pakistan). His spiritual journey began with a profound realization of the unity of all humanity under one divine creator. Rejecting religious and social hierarchies, Guru Nanak Dev Ji emphasized the importance of equality, compassion, and selfless service. He embarked on extensive travels, engaging in dialogues with scholars and seekers from diverse backgrounds, spreading his message of love and harmony.

1.2 Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504-1552)

Chosen by Guru Nanak Dev Ji as his successor, Guru Angad Dev Ji continued the mission of spreading Sikh teachings. He introduced the Gurmukhi script, a writing system that became the medium for Sikh literature and sacred texts. Guru Angad Dev Ji emphasized the importance of physical fitness and initiated the tradition of community kitchens (langar), where people from all walks of life could share a meal together, regardless of their social status.

1.3 Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji (1479-1574)

Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji, known for his humility and devotion, expanded the Sikh community by establishing 22 administrative districts (manjis) and appointing masands to oversee Sikh congregations. He institutionalized the langar tradition, making it an integral part of Sikh worship and community life. Guru Amar Das Sahib Ji rejected discriminatory practices such as purdah (veiling of women) and sati (widow burning), advocating for gender equality and social justice.

1.4 Guru Ram Das Sahib Ji (1534-1581)

Guru Ram Das Sahib Ji, a visionary leader and builder, laid the foundation of Amritsar, the spiritual capital of Sikhism. Under his guidance, the construction of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) began, symbolizing openness and inclusivity in Sikh worship. Guru Ram Das Sahib Ji emphasized the importance of seva (selfless service) and encouraged Sikhs to engage in productive labor while maintaining a spiritual connection with the divine.

1.5 Guru Arjan Dev Ji (1563-1606)

Guru Arjan Dev Ji, the fifth Sikh Guru, was a prolific writer and compiler of Sikh scriptures. He compiled the Adi Granth, a compilation of hymns and compositions by Sikh Gurus and saints from diverse religious backgrounds. Guru Arjan Dev Ji promoted interfaith dialogue and unity, inviting contributions from Hindu and Muslim scholars. His commitment to truth and social justice led to his martyrdom, as he became the first Sikh Guru to sacrifice his life for the Sikh faith.

Through their teachings and actions, the Sikh Gurus laid the foundation for a distinct religious and cultural identity, inspiring millions of followers to uphold the values of equality, service, and devotion to the divine.

1.6 Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji (1595-1644)

Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji succeeded Guru Arjan Dev Ji as the sixth Sikh Guru at a time when the Sikh community faced persecution and oppression from the Mughal Empire. He transformed the role of the Guru from a purely spiritual leader to a warrior-saint who also wielded temporal authority.

Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji introduced the concept of “Mirí-Pirí,” which emphasized the balance between spiritual and temporal power. He wore two swords, symbolizing spiritual and worldly authority, and built the Akal Takht (Throne of the Timeless One) opposite the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar. This move symbolized the importance of both spiritual and martial strength in Sikhism.

During his leadership, Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji engaged in battles against the Mughal forces, defending the Sikh community and promoting the idea of self-defense. He also established the practice of “Langar Akhara,” where physical exercises and martial arts were taught alongside spiritual teachings.

1.7 Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji (1630-1661)

Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji, the seventh Sikh Guru, succeeded Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji at a young age. He is remembered for his compassion, love for nature, and commitment to peace. Despite political challenges during his time, Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji focused on humanitarian efforts and expanding the Sikh community.

Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji was known for his herbal medicine knowledge and established a medicinal garden in Kiratpur Sahib. He emphasized the importance of environmental conservation and animal welfare, setting an example of kindness and empathy.

During his leadership, Guru Har Rai Sahib Ji maintained diplomatic relations with Mughal rulers and regional leaders, promoting dialogue and understanding. He also continued the tradition of military training among Sikhs but emphasized the use of force only in self-defense.

1.8 Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji (1656-1664)

Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji, the eighth Sikh Guru, became the youngest Guru at the age of five. Despite his short tenure, he left a lasting legacy of compassion and service. Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji is remembered for his selfless devotion to helping others, especially during times of epidemics and crises.

Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji’s most notable act was his selfless service during the smallpox epidemic in Delhi. He provided medical aid and comfort to the affected, demonstrating the Sikh principle of seva (selfless service) to humanity.

Despite his young age, Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji emphasized the importance of spiritual values and guided Sikhs towards righteous living. He encouraged followers to meditate on the name of God and lead a life of moral integrity.

1.9 Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji (1621-1675)

Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji, the ninth Sikh Guru, is revered for his martyrdom and defense of religious freedom. He faced persecution under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, who sought to forcibly convert Hindus to Islam. In response, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji stood up against religious tyranny and sacrificed his life to protect the rights of Hindus to practice their faith.

Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji’s famous martyrdom in Delhi’s Chandni Chowk symbolizes the Sikh principle of standing up against injustice and oppression. Despite facing torture and death, he refused to convert to Islam, demonstrating unwavering faith and courage.

Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji’s legacy is celebrated in Sikhism as the embodiment of selflessness, sacrifice, and devotion to protecting religious freedom for all. He is also remembered for his spiritual teachings and poetry, which emphasize the importance of humility, righteousness, and devotion to God.

1.10 Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji (1666-1708)

Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji, the tenth and last human Sikh Guru, played a pivotal role in shaping Sikh identity and transforming the community into a martial force. He established the Khalsa Panth (community of the pure) and initiated the Khalsa baptism ceremony, which symbolized a commitment to Sikh principles and readiness to defend righteousness.

Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji is known for his valor, leadership, and poetic compositions. He authored several religious texts, including the Dasam Granth and the Jaap Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji also led the Sikhs in numerous battles against oppressive regimes, inspiring them to fight for justice and freedom.

The Guru’s teachings emphasized courage, equality, and devotion to God. He instilled a sense of pride and unity among Sikhs, empowering them to resist tyranny and uphold righteousness. Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Ji’s legacy continues to inspire Sikhs worldwide to stand up for truth, justice, and the Sikh faith.

These Sikh Gurus collectively laid the foundation of Sikhism, guiding their followers with their spiritual wisdom, moral teachings, and courageous actions. Their contributions continue to shape Sikh identity and inspire millions of Sikhs around the world.

1.11 Guru Granth Sahib Ji (1708 to eternity)

Guru Granth Sahib Ji (also known as the Adi Granth) is the scripture of the Sikhs. No Sikh ceremony is regarded as complete unless it is performed in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. The Granth was written in Gurmukhi script and it contains the actual words and verses as uttered by the Sikh Gurus. It is considered the Supreme Spiritual Authority and Head of the Sikh religion, rather than any living person. It is also the only scripture of its kind which not only contains the works of its own religious founders but also the writings of people of other faiths. The living Guru of the Sikhs, the book is held in great reverence by Sikhs and treated with the utmost respect. Guru Granth Sahib Ji is a book of Revelation. It conveys the Word of the Master through His messengers on earth. It is universal in its scope. The greatness of the Guru Granth Sahib lies not only in its being the Holy Scripture of the Sikhs but also in it being a general scripture available to mankind, intended for everybody, everywhere.

Refrence: https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/History_of_Sikhism